ABSTRACT
Promoting good nutrition is essential to tackle current and emergent health crisis. For instance, non-communicable diseases (NCDs) are responsible for about 70% of deaths globally, with high intake of sodium, red meat, refined sugars and/or ultra-processed foods and low intake of whole grains, legumes and fruits raking among the top dietary risks for NCDs related deaths. Diet also play an important role in emergent health crises, as illustrated during the Covid-19 pandemic, where those who are malnourished and/or present underlying NCDs have more severe and deadly outcomes. Despite that, limited progress is being made toward the United Nations Sustainable Development Goals (SDGs) on malnutrition and NCDs.Nutrition is linked with other modifiable risk factors for chronic diseases such as physical activity, sleep, mental well-being, substance abuse (e.g., alcohol and smoking) and environmental factors. The complexity of foods and their constituents and the multitude of factors involved in the aetiology of NCDs make dissecting the relative contribution of risk factors and interventions on disease onset and progression a challenging task. Understanding the interrelation between traditional risk factors that are established already and lifestyle risk factors will allow us to offer a more holistic approach to human well-being. Rigorous and innovative research that harnesses the power of large datasets and multiple research methods is needed to support the development of coherent theories in nutrition and risk identification and management. It is also necessary to connect this innovative research with the complex needs of individuals and systems. For example, the Covid-19 pandemic has exacerbated food insecurity (i.e., not being able to access foods that are safe and nutritionally appropriate for one’s health) in multiple ways, including disruptions at the system level, such as interruptions and delays across food chains and increased food prices or individual level, including job losses and lack of access to food. In the UK, research has shown that ethnic minorities groups, those limited by health problems/disabilities, food sector workers and households with children were at increased risk of experiencing food insecurity. In some parts of Africa, conflicts, displacements, and droughts are additional factors contributing to the high prevalence of food insecurity, further exacerbated during the Covid-19 pandemic. The idea that ‘Nobody ever just needs food’ highlights that addressing food insecurity and malnutrition requires multisectoral solutions to resolve underlying causes of the problem.Public and private sectors play an important role in addressing the burden of malnutrition but goals and responsibilities must be transparent, focused on public benefit, and collaborative. Systems-based approaches where nutrition and health are prioritized should be also employed. While changes in systems, policies and services can be triggered by community demand and advocacy, education and training are necessary to promote capacity for change and sustained impact. Quality data on food, nutrition and health can support this behavioural shift through the identification of problems and gaps. There is a need to establish a data foundation which enables the development of a science-based approach upon which statistically backed actions can be derived. This is particularly difficult with nutrition where much is dependent on observational data and longitudinal cohorts are scarce. Advancing our knowledge through research partnerships and data sharing will allow us to provide convincing evidence to policy makers as well as the public. Ultimately, improving data literacy among relevant stakeholders is also needed to enable accurate interpretation and relevant action. Advancing our knowledge through research partnerships and data sharing will allow us to provide convincing evidence to policymakers as well as patients. Programs such as the NNEdPro’s International Knowledge Application Network Hub in Nutrition (iKANN), can facilitate this collaboration, while also curating nutrition data, evidence and training resources.
ABSTRACT
Papaya leaves are used frequently for curing scores of ailments. The medicinal properties of papaya leaves are due to presence of certain bioactive/pharmacological compounds. However, the papaya leaf curl virus (PaLCuV), a geminivirus, is a major threat to papaya cultivation globally. During the present investigation, we observed that PaLCuV infection significantly altered the anatomy, physiology, and bioactive properties of papaya leaves. As compared to healthy leaves, the PaLCuV-infected leaves were found to have reduced stomatal density (76.83%), stomatal conductance (78.34%), photosynthesis rate (74.87%), water use efficiency (82.51%), chlorophyll (72.88%), carotenoid (46.63%), osmolality (48.55%), and soluble sugars (70.37%). We also found lower enzymatic activity (superoxide dismutase (SOD), ascorbate peroxidase (APX), and catalase (CAT)-56.88%, 85.27%, and 74.49%, respectively). It was found that the size of guard cells (50%), transpiration rate (45.05%), intercellular CO2 concentration (47.81%), anthocyanin (27.47%), proline content (74.17%), malondialdehyde (MDA) (106.65%), and electrolyte leakage (75.38%) was elevated in PaLCuV-infected leaves. The chlorophyll fluorescence analysis showed that the infected plant leaves had a significantly lower value of maximal quantum yield of photosystem II (PSII (Fv/Fm), photochemical quantum yield of photosystem I (PSI (Y(I)), and effective quantum yield of PSII (Y(II)). However, in non-photochemical quenching mechanisms, the proportion of energy dissipated in heat form (Y(NPQ)) was found to be significantly higher. We also tested the bioactivity of infected and healthy papaya leaf extracts on a Caenorhabditis elegans (C. elegans) model system. It was found that the crude extract of papaya leaves significantly enhanced the life span of C. elegans (29.7%) in comparison to virus-infected leaves (18.4%) on application of 100 µg/mL dose of the crude extract. Our research indicates that the PaLCuV-infected leaves not only had anatomical and physiological losses, but that pharmacological potential was also significantly decreased.